Barriers To Sustainable Tourism Developments Tourism Essay

Obstructions To Sustainable Tourism Developments Tourism Essay Presentation The travel industry is profoundly known as one of the universes quickest developing enterprises and become the significant supporter of the countrys financial development in wording remote trade profit and makes openings for work in both enormous and little networks. Thus, the expanding monetary significance of the travel industry has caught the consideration and enthusiasm for most creating nations. Be that as it may, individuals have not been considering the scope of effects came about because of the travel industry which is expansive and could even adversely affect on the goal network. The uncontrolled fast development of the travel industry can represents a noteworthy danger towards the earth and social network as it were the travel industry can result genuine natural and social-social issues. In this way, in an approach to controlled and limit the negative effects of the travel industry, supportable the travel industry improvement should be accomplished. Practical the travel industry today become profoundly significant in the travel industry and it is essential to urge more individuals to head out green and to guarantee that the travel industry is naturally, socially, and monetarily manageable. Numerous goals have likewise perceived the significance of accomplishing feasible the travel industry improvement. In any case, for some, creating nations overall reasonable the travel industry has not appropriately been converted into wide practice and there can be monetary, social, and physical obstructions that will in general posture extraordinary impediments to supportable turn of events. So as to decide how the travel industry can move towards maintainability, it is critical to look at the boundaries that prevent economical the travel industry, and afterward create techniques to lessen the obstructions. Along these lines, point of this paper is to examine and assess the hindrances of executing supportability activities and accomplishing reasonable the travel industry advancement especially in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. 2.0 Literature Review on Sustainable Tourism The travel industry is a critical worldwide industry with an enormous effect towards the earth. The travel industry is additionally the universes biggest industry, with complete receipts from the global the travel industry rising to US $682 billion (WTO, 2006). The travel industry additionally utilizes an expected of 10 percent of the worldwide workforce and capital arrangement. Because of this importance of this industry and that ecological corruption has affected most the travel industry goals; the need to actualize progressively feasible practices has come to front line of worldwide issues (Graci, 2004). The need to get ready for the travel industry in a practical way is apparent through the advancements that have happened worldwide since the United Nations Conference on Environment Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. In the gathering, the travel industry was recognized as one of the five fundamental businesses deprived for accomplishing practical turn of events (Theoba ld 1998, Budeanu 1999, Pryce 2001). The World Tourism Organization, World Travel and Tourism Council, and the Earth Council distributed Agenda 21 for the movement and the travel industry in 1995, which this report intended to build up frameworks and technique to consolidate economical improvement contemplations into the dynamic procedure of the travel industry exercises. It likewise profoundly stressed the significance of organization between the travel industry and government and exhibited the advantages of making the entire business economical, not just simply the specialty ecotourism segment (Pryce, 2001). The possibility of maintainable the travel industry has its underlying foundations in the idea of feasible turn of events, characterized by the Brundtland Commission as improvement that addresses the issues of the present without trading off the capacity of people in the future to address their own issues (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987). Other viable selection or idea of biologically practical the travel industry, characterized by the World Tourism Organization (2002) is: Practical the travel industry improvement addresses the issues of present age vacationers and host networks while ensuring and upgrading open doors for what's to come. It is profoundly accentuates the administration of all assets in, for example, a way that monetary, social, and stylish needs are satisfied while keeping up the social uprightness, fundamental environmental procedures, natural assorted variety, and life emotionally supportive networks. (WTO, 2002) This obviously implies supportable the travel industry exercises is expect to guarantee that advancement will boost satisfaction and make positive experience for vacationers and networks, simultaneously limiting the negative effects upon the goal site; the earth, network and nearby populace. In this manner the maintainable usage of manageable advancement requires the obligations of the travel industry, natural supporters and network or the three cycles which should be interrelated. The last ought to be founded on three fundamental standards of supportable turn of events (WTO 1993, Mowforth and Munt 1998): Natural maintainability which shows that advancement is perfect with the upkeep of fundamental environmental procedures, organic decent variety and assets. Social and social maintainability recommends that improvement expands people groups power over their lives and it is good with the way of life and estimations of individuals influenced by it which keeps up and reinforces the network personality. Financial manageability guarantees that improvement is monetarily productive and that assets are being overseen appropriately so as to help the people in the future. Further clarifications by World Tourism Organization (2002) the requirement for accomplishing a few targets for guaranteeing manageable the travel industry, which are include the security and protection of asset incorporate regular, verifiable, and social for people in the future, while simultaneously guaranteeing long haul financial suitability for organizations, and giving socio-social advantages to the more extensive society. The travel industry advancement is additionally being arranged and overseen so it doesn't contrarily affect on the earth and social society, the general ecological nature of the travel industry is kept up and improved also. 3.0 Sustainable Tourism in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia Gili Trawangan is known as the biggest island situated among the Gili Islands off the shoreline of Lombok in Indonesia. The island is otherwise called a sun, sand and ocean goal. It is roughly three by two kilometers and low-lying with a little slope toward the south, ascending to 72 meters above ocean level (Hampton 1998). Gili Trawangan is considered as the most created of each of the three Gili islands, which the other two islands Gili Air and Gili Meno are being the recently created. There are a few exiles lives and work on the island too and most of land on the island is utilized for the travel industry and the rest is coconut estate and some little field of rural harvests and animals. The travel industry is viewed as the major financial action on the island with in excess of 80 percent of families is utilized by the travel industry. Nonetheless, Gili Trawangan isn't exceptionally evolved the travel industry goal as far as mass the travel industry, framework, and administrations , and the island has restricted assets of new water. Regarding supportable the travel industry, there have been a few activities for creating manageable the travel industry in Gili Trawangan. Be that as it may, the activities have been confronted with a moderate usage and have not been totally received practically speaking. The fundamental of the activities created by the jump administrators on the island is known as the Gili Trawangan Eco-trust. This Gili Eco-trust was being set up so as to secure and ration the coral reefs around the island against dangerous angling rehearses. While the fundamental motivation behind this association is to deal with the assortment of a jump charge which visitor are charged about US$3 per jumper and US$1 per swimmer. The jump charge is then used to pay the nearby angler to quit harming the reefs and the assets are likewise utilized for sea shore cleaning, trash the executives and checking (Lombok Network 2009). 4.0 Barriers to reasonable the travel industry in Gili Trawangan The Eco-trust is one of the activities created by the jump administrators on the Gili Trawangan Island for creating practical the travel industry. Anyway they have experienced different hindrances to practical the travel industry improvement in the zone that has prompted disappointment on the island. In view of the exploration study which was led by Sonya Graci in the article, Accomodating Green: Examining Barriers to Sustainable Tourism Development (2004), number of obstructions was recorded in this examination comprising of five primary hindrances to executing and accomplishing practical the travel industry activities in the goal. The main hindrance is the deficient assets related with significant expense, absence of data, abilities, information, aptitude, time and the hesitance to get help from outside experts. The various thoughts for activities such offering installments to angler to stop their illicit angling can be an issue for the Island since they dont have enough assets and a large number of these plans could come up short. Another model, for example, that the Gili Trawangan Eco-trust likewise endeavored to actualize a waste administration assortment framework by working of a landfill with zones to isolate and compose recyclables. However, again with absence of assets the landfill advancement would fizzled. Furthermore, various entrepreneurs and the neighborhood government additionally have indentified that the insufficient of assets was the greatest boundary as it is acknowledged on the island with no legitimate frameworks set up, the earth will debase much further and this will in the long run influence the travel industry on Gili Trawangan. In this way, the goal needs the capacity to execute those frameworks with the important assets and information to create attainable frameworks. The subsequent hindrance being underscored is the absence of energy to make a move worried to the manageability activities by entrepreneurs; eateries, facilities, jump administrators, and bars. There was a conviction by a number

Data Analysis Healthcare Concern

Little Rock

Little Rock Little Rock, city (1990 pop. 175,795), state capital and seat of Pulaski co., central Ark., on the Arkansas River; inc. 1831. It is a river port and the administrative, commercial, transportation, and cultural center of the state. The city's industries process agricultural products, fish, beef, poultry, and bauxite and timber. Its manufacturing industries are closely related with those of North Little Rock across the river. The settlement was a well-known river crossing when Arkansas Territory was established in 1819. It became territorial capital in 1821 and state capital when Arkansas entered the Union in 1836. In the Civil War the battle of Little Rock (1863) was fought there. The city became a center of world attention in 1957, when federal troops were sent there to enforce a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling against segregation in the public schools. Little Rock is the seat of Philander Smith College, Arkansas Baptist College, the Univ. of Arkansas at Little Rock, and several o ther branches of the university, including the law and medical schools. Of interest are the beautiful Old State House, which served as capitol from 1836 to 1910 and is now a museum; several other museums, including the Arkansas Arts Center; and the Clinton presidential library. The present capitol building was built in 1911. The city also contains several state institutions and has a noteworthy symphony orchestra. Little Rock Air Force Base is in nearby Jacksonville. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

The Right And Bear Arms - 1663 Words

Christal Blege April 23, 2015 Professor Swint. The right to bear arms? Our second amendment right is something that I feel that most Americans would go to war over. I never grew up around guns, I have never held a gun, or discharged a gun. More importantly, I have never used a gun to protect me, my property or my family. This is why I fail to see the fascination people have with the right to own a gun, especially military grade firearms like assault rifles. â€Å"Assault rifles were designed to kill people and have no legitimate civilian purpose.† (Infobased Learning 2008) So why then is ok for every ordinary Joe over the age of 21 with a permit to own one. Statistically speaking one in every three people in the U.S. own at least one firearm, and of those 48% own four or more firearms. In the past 40 years the percentage of gun ownership has gone from forty-seven percent to thirty-four percent. But guns do serve other purposes like protection and safety. When having a conversation about gun rights it is clear that it veers towards American standards and values. It comes back to a very basic question, how big of a role should the government have in our everyday lives. We put our faith in our justice system most of the time. So when the highest court in the land gets together and debates and interprets the second amendment to mean that the individual has the right to own guns, we shouldn’t debate it. another argument that gun control supporters use is ,with stricter gunShow MoreRelatedThe Right And Bear Arms1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Right to Bear Arms The Second Amendment written in The Constitution has been under great scrutiny lately. Extremists from both sides argue their points, however, how accurate are those points? For example, one can argue that it is a right that was given in The Constitution therefore, it cannot be taken away. However, was living back then a much different world than we live in now? Do we need guns to protect us in today’s society? The other extremist could argue that yes, it was a much differentRead MoreThe Right to Bear Arms1196 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States the right to own a gun is enshrined by the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The text of the Second Amendment reads: â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (Adams, 2004). The founding fathers borrowed this idea from Niccolo Machiavelli, the Italian thinker. He wrote about the weapons necessary for fre edom to defend themselves, to hunt, and to protect the stateRead MoreThe Right to Bear Arms790 Words   |  4 PagesOur founding father gave American citizens the right to bear arms, but was that the best idea or was it even the safest idea? Many Americans today own a gun and the majority use their gun in a safe manner. However, when the gun was first invented, it was intended to kill whether that be hunting, self-defense, or in battle. The gun is still to this day intended to kill and will always hold that purpose. Americans were given the right to bear arms in a time of need during the end of the revolutionaryRead MoreThe Right Of Bear Arms1950 Words   |  8 PagesGun Control The Right to Bear Arms was the second amendment put into place when creating the nation. It gives the people of our country the right to keep and own a gun. Today, just over two hundred years later, one of the biggest debates in society is on gun control and how the people should be handling their weapons. The gun control in the country is something that should be taken more seriously as lives and well beings are at stake. Former president Bill Clinton commented on gun control, sayingRead MoreThe Right Of Bear Arms1236 Words   |  5 Pages The right to bear arms is a heated subject today. People on both sides of the debate are adamant in their beliefs about whether or not we have the right to own, carry, and use firearms. Those who believe firmly in the Second Amendment cannot be swayed by even the most persuasive argument that there is too much gun violence in this country. In much the same way, gun control activists are dismissive and even condescending towards those who put the Constitution and personal freedom before statisticsRead MoreThe Right Of Bear Arms1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe right to bear arms is assured in the constitution by the Second Amendment. Liberals are attempting to alter the constitution by any mean necessary. They are trying to prohibit handguns and/or limit sales. Studies have proven that gun control could not stop people from carrying out crimes. 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Some of the key reasons that the right to bear arms is beneficial to the community is that it allows for citiz ens to hunt and provide for their families, it allows for people to protectRead MoreThe Right to Bear Arms Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesThe Right to Bear Arms How many of us want the U.S. government to have the right to tell us what to do, and when w can do it. There are probably not many who would agree that the government should have that right. Though having gun control laws is not to that extreme, some would say it is the first step. Growing up in a small town, and also growing up with guns my whole life I was one of those people who did not want gun control laws. Then after reading two articles that discussed this topic

African American History and Women Timeline 1870-1899

[Previous] [Next] Women and African American History: 1870-1899 1870 †¢ 15th Amendment to the US Constitution gave the right to vote without regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude -- but the Amendment did not apply to African American women (or any other women) †¢ Susan McKinney Stewart, an early African American woman physician, received an M.D. from the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women 1871 †¢ (October 6) Fisk University Jubilee Singers began their first-ever national tour, singing gospel music to raise money for the University 1872 †¢ (April) Charlotte Ray admitted to the Washington, DC, bar; she graduated that year from Howard University Law School 1873 †¢ Sarah Moore Grimke died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Angelina Grimke Weld) 1874 1875 †¢ (July 10) Mary McLeod Bethune born †¢ Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlaws discrimination in public accomodations (invalidated in Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) 1876 1877 †¢ Rutherford B. Hayes ended Reconstruction by withdrawing US Army troops from the South 1878 1879 †¢ Mary Eliza Mahoney graduated from the nursing school at the New England Hospital for Women and Children, Boston, becoming the first African American professional nurse †¢ Angelina Emily Grimke Weld died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Sarah Moore Grimke) 1880 †¢ (October 20)  Lydia Maria Child  died (abolitionist, writer) †¢ (November 11)  Lucretia Mott  died (Quaker abolitionist and womens rights advocate) 1881 †¢ Tennessee passed first Jim Crow laws †¢ Sophia B. Packard and Harriet E. Giles founded Spelman College, the first college for African American women 1882 †¢Ã‚  (September 8)  Sarah Mapps Douglass  died 1883 †¢ (November 26)  Sojourner Truth  died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, minister, lecturer) †¢Ã‚  Mary Ann Shadd Cary  became the second African American woman in the United States to earn a law degree 1884 †¢Ã‚  Mary Church Terrell  (then Mary Church) graduated from Oberlin College (activist, clubwoman) †¢ (January 24)  Helen Pitts  married Frederick Douglass, setting off controversy and opposition to their interracial marriage 1885 †¢ (June 6)  ALelia Walker, daughter of  Madam C.J. Walker, born (activist, executive, Harlem Renaissance figure) †¢ Sarah Goode received the first patent awarded to an African American woman 1886 1887 1888 1889 †¢ (January 28) Prudence Crandall died (educator) 1890 †¢ Emma Frances Grayson Merritt (1860-1933) established the first U.S. kindergarten for African American students †¢Ã‚  The House of Bondage, a collection of slave narratives, published, written by former slave Octavia R. Albert †¢Ã‚  Clarence and Corinne or Gods Way  published by the American Baptist Publication, the first Sunday School book written by an African American †¢ Janie Porter Barrett founded the Locust Street Settlement House in Hampton, Virginia 1891 †¢ newspaper  Freedom: a Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly  founded by  Lucy Parsons 1892 †¢ Anna Julia Cooper published  Voice of the South, writing of the status of African American women †¢Ã‚  Hallie Brown  served as lady principal (dean of women), Tuskegee Institute †¢ President Benjamin Harrison entertained by Sissieretta Jones (singer) †¢ Frances Ellen Watkins Harper published  Iola Leroy: or Shadows Uplifted †¢ Patent issued for an ironing board invented by Sarah Boone †¢ (January)  Bessie Coleman  born (pilot) - or 1893 †¢ (October)  Ida B. Wells  published  Southern Horrors: Lynch Law and in All Its Phases, beginning her public anti-lynching campaign †¢ (-1894) many African American womens clubs were founded for race and womens progress New York City (Victoria Earle Matthews)Brooklyn (Susan McKinney)Boston (Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin) 1893 †¢ World Columbian Exposition largely excluded African Americans. A few African American women spoke at the fairs Womens Congress on The Intellectual Progress of Colored Women of the US Since Emancipation: Fannie Barrier Williams spoke on the responsibility of white men for sexual exploitation of African American women. Anna Julia Cooper and Fanny Jackson Coppin also spoke.Ida B. Wells, Frederick Douglass, and Ferdinand Barnett wrote The Reason Why the Colored American is Not in the Columbian Exposition. †¢ African Methodist Episcopal Church founded the Womens Home and Foreign Missionary Society †¢ publication of  The Autobiography of Amanda Berry Smith, AME Evangelist †¢ Fanny Kemble died (wrote about slavery) †¢Ã‚  Lucy Stone  died (editor, abolitionist, womens rights advocate) †¢ (April 13)  Nella Larson  born (writer, nurse) †¢ (June 5)  Mary Ann Shadd Cary  died (journalist, teacher, abolitionist, activist) †¢ (-1903)  Hallie Brown  served as professor of elocution at Wilberforce University 1894 †¢ Sarah Parker Remond died (anti-slavery lecturer whose British lectures probably helped keep the British from entering the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy) †¢ National Association of Colored Women began publishing  The Womans Era †¢ Gertrude Mossell published  The Work of the Afro-American Woman 1895 †¢ National Federation of Afro-American Women founded by about 100 women from ten different states, the first national federation of black womens clubs. Margaret Washington was elected the first president. Founders included Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin,  Mary Church Terrell, Fannie Barrier Williams †¢Ã‚  Ida B. Wells  published  Red Record, a statistical study of lynching †¢ Frederick Douglass died (abolitionist, womens rights activist, lecturer) 1896 †¢ National Federation of African American Women and the Colored Womens League merged into the National Association of Colored Women, selecting  Mary Church Terrell  as president †¢ (March 18) Supreme Court in  Plessy v. Ferguson  upholds Louisiana law segregating railway cars, invalidating the Civil Rights Act of 1875, and leading to the passage of many more Jim Crow laws †¢ (July 1)  Harriet Beecher Stowe  died (writer) †¢ (July 21) National Association of Colored Women formed;  Mary Church Terrell, president 1897 †¢ Harriet Tubman won pension for her Civil War military service †¢ Victoria Earle Matthews founded the White Rose Mission to provide aid to Southern black women moving to New York City †¢ Phillis Wheatley Home for Aged Colored Ladies founded by Fannie M. Richards in Detroit -- the first of many named for the poet  Phillis Wheatley  to provide housing and services for single African American women in large cities †¢ Charlamae Rollins born (writer, librarian) †¢Ã‚  A Slave Girls Story  published, autobiography of Kate Drumgold †¢Ã‚  Marita Bonner  born (writer, teacher) 1899 †¢Ã‚  Maggie Lena Walker  became head (Right Worthy Grand Secretary) of the Independent Order of St. Luke Society, which she helped transform into an effective philanthropic society in Richmond, Virginia [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1910-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

New Questions About Essay Samples for Class 12 Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

New Questions About Essay Samples for Class 12 Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report Vagupu has a number of the best internet tutors for Class 12. You want to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. Book your very first free tutoring session today If you're looking for other 12th Class sample papers 2018 CBSE, We are going to be able to aid you. It is essential that 12th grade students can take Maths as a challenge that may be overcome and use all the resources possible to assist them in their final hurdle. Also, there may be essay, speech or debate questions for Technology Technology has come to be an integral portion of our lives. It's always prescribed that you start with a quick introduction on the subject, it's intended to be precise. Your article will require an introduction. It is essential that you don't deviate from this issue. Stephen's essay is rather effective. Occasionally you may possibly commence an write-up, but have zero chance to finish. OR you could begin with a quote regarding the topic and after that go with the salutations and introduction. A quote in the center of the speech would likewise be fine. Writing for all of us would be your ideal approach to begin earning because you don't necessitate any installation expenses. One, we apply an extremely careful range of our writers. It's very useful to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. Students employing a writing service have to be conscious of the few m atters ahead of selecting any agency. Some consider essay writing a burden while some see it like a chance to share their ideas and opinions. My experience within this class has truly opened my eyes to understand that essay writing is a far simpler process than I thought it to be. Our writers also undergo a string of other training that may truly convince us they are great for the job. It's only normal to be anxious about hiring an on-line essay writer as you can't ever be sure whether you are employing the perfect service or not. Use of quotes is highly advised. Please be aware that a few of these college essay examples could possibly be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. An essay was defined in an assortment of means. Short essays are still spend the type of formal essay because the parts want to get included in it. Writing an essay is a vital role in academe life. Browsing our essay writing samples can offer you a good idea whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. Grade 10 essay format This form of essay ought to have a few significant sections. I feel confident I could write a paper about most anything and understand how to cite and format it correctly. We give you lots of essay samples that may provide you a vivid instance of how the essay of this or that type needs to be written. With our custom made essay offer, you can be certain to find any essay help you are searching for. It's given as a typical school assignment and a crucial part in an examination collection. The conclusion should drive home the point you're making. Do not become stuck with material possessions and what you've achieved in life. There are times some teachers aren't professional or don't explain a number of the lessons well. When you own a lot of varied points, it is wise you decide on a few best ones and compose a line on each. It's possible you've too many points or not many points. Underlining the principal points is quite important. It's quite beneficial for students to plan a strategy about ways to prepare and attempt distinctive sections in the most effective way. Rising up early also relieves tension and tension since it offers you the opportunity to squeeze in a workout before getting distracted. The Hidden Truth About Essay Samples for Class 12 Your objectives want to call a particular reason you'll achieve in case you keep online finding out. In terms of the economic-based social stratification system, you will observe there are three distinct problems that can classify a specific system. In every nation, social stratification indicates a group of folks belonging to a particular classification. A social stratification is also depending on the achievements of someone within the communi ty.

Michael Crichton Climate Change Essay Example For Students

Michael Crichton Climate Change Essay Global climate change has positive and negative effects on marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The cause of global climate change is said to be because carbon dioxide is being emitted through the large scale burning of oil, coal and gas, with an additional contribution coming from clearing of tropical forests and woodlands which results in wildlife life destruction. The carbon dioxide traps heat from the sun in the earths atmosphere and prevents it from being sent back out into space. The heat that stays trapped in the atmosphere causes the global temperature to increase. Globally, average temperatures are expected to increase between 1.5 to 6.1 degrees Celsius in the next hundred years. Climate change will have significant impacts on the global temperature such as an increase in temperature, change in weather patterns and sea-level rise. Sea-level is expected to rise 95 cm by the year 2100, with large local differences due to tides, wind and atmospheric pressure patterns, changes in ocean circulation, vertical movements of continents etc; the most likely value is in the range from 38 to 55 cm. The relative change of sea and land is the main factor: some areas may experience sea level drop in cases where land is rising faster than sea level. Indirect factors are generally listed as the main difficulties associated with sea-level rise. These include erosion patterns and damage to coastal infrastructure, salinization of wells, sub-optimal functioning of the sewerage systems of coastal cities with resulting health impact, loss of littoral ecosystems and loss of biotic resources. Plants grow through the well-known process of photosynthesis, utilizing the energy of sunlig ht to convert water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air into sugar, starches, and cellulose. CO2 enters a plant through its leaves. Greater atmospheric concentrations tend to increase the difference in partial pressure between the air outside and inside the plant leaves, and as a result more CO2 is absorbed and converted to carbohydrates. Crop species vary in their response to CO2. Wheat, rice, and soybeans belong to a physiological class called C3 plants that respond readily to increased CO2 levels. Corn, sorghum, sugarcane, and millet are C4 plants that follow a different pathway. The latter, though more efficient photo-synthetically than C3 crops at present levels of CO2, tend to be less responsive to enriched concentrations. These effects have been demonstrated mainly in controlled environments such as growth chambers, greenhouses, and plastic enclosures. Higher levels of atmospheric CO2 also induce plants to close the small leaf openings known as stomatas through whic h CO2 is absorbed and water vapor is released. Thus, under CO2 enrichment crops may use less water even while they produce more carbohydrates. This dual effect will likely improve water-use efficiency. At the same time, associated climatic effects, such as higher temperatures, changes in rainfall and soil moisture, and increased frequencies of extreme meteorological events, could either enhance or negate potentially beneficial effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 on crops. Meteorological Events such as hurricanes and heavy storms damage trees and hence reduce productivity. Droughts disrupt crop rotation, many plants are not adapted to such environments and are therefore unable to survive hence productivity is reduced. Page 1For interior regions, there might be beneficial gains in agricultural production resulting from the indirect effects of a warmer climate and adequate precipitation, especially in higher latitudes across Canada and Russia. The increased carbon dioxide might also directly increase plant growth and productivity as well. In fact, this theory, known as the Carbon dioxide Fertilization Effect, has ledsome scientists to controversially suggest that the Greenhouse Effect might be a blessing in disguise. Laboratory experiments have shown that increased carbon dioxide concentrations potentially promote plant growth and ecosystem productivity by increasing the rate of photosynthesis, improving nutrient uptake and use, increasing water-use efficiency and decreasing respiration, along with several other factors. .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 , .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 .postImageUrl , .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 , .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082:hover , .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082:visited , .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082:active { border:0!important; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082:active , .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082 .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2168485cff57cc0c4ec08ae0d7612082:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Blake My Pretty Rose Tree EssayIn middle and higher latitudes, global warming will extend the length of the potential growing season, allowing earlier planting of crops in the spring, earlier maturation and harvesting, and the possibility of completing two or more cropping cycles during the same season. In warmer, lower latitude regions, increased temperatures may accelerate the rate at which plants release CO2 in the process of respiration resulting in

Black or white racism thesis

Immagration and pollution essays

Immagration and pollution essays The Effects of Population Growths on the Environment With world population skyrocketing, where is man-kind headed? The current world population is over six billion with the United States population alone numbering over 264 million. Studies on population growths project that by the year 2050 A.D., the U.S. will need to find room for more than 520 million people, almost doubling the current population. How will the environment and the human race itself be affected by this (Jackson 27)? First, we as inhabitants, need to know what we are doing to this place we call home, Earth. The consequences to the United States wild lands and all their resources would be overwhelming if the population saw those kinds of staggering numbers. A striking illustration is the national park system: since 1940, the U.S. population has doubled, but park visitation has increased sixteen times. A population increase that measured only half as great as the last fifty years would devastate these areas, diminishing the quality of visitors experience and reducing resources to unsustainable levels (Jackson 30). Recently it was found that MTBE (a gasoline additive that makes engines cleaner-burning, but may also cause cancer in humans) could be leaking into as many as 9,000 community water wells in 31 states from underground storage tanks. This chemical was first added to gas over 20 years ago to enhance octane and later in much larger amounts to help cut down on air pollution. Lately though, the foul-tasting and smelling oxygenate has been found in ground water all over the United States. John Zogorski, a scientist at the U.S. Geological Survey said, Very large amounts of MTBE have been used in gasoline during the past 20 years and perhaps 250,000 gallons leaking from underground storage tanks have contained MTBE (Times 1). The drinking water isnt all man has to worry about; what about the water that falls from the sky in...

Modern Marriage, only a status symbol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Marriage, only a status symbol - Essay Example The Modern American wedding has become much more of commercial saga generating a massive turnover every year. Wedding planners, florists, caterers, hairstylists, clothes, designers, have all got their fortunes connected to the wedding industry. According to statistics 2 "the average American wedding costs $22,360 and has 168 guests, who give 100 gifts that cost an average of $85 each, meaning the net loss to the couple is $13,860..the average guest spends $500 to attend a wedding-not including plane tickets." The statistics do not end here though. The figures get more and more perturbing as it is revealed that "43% of couples say they spent more on their wedding than they had planned."3There is an increase in thematic weddings like Disney World "Fairy Tale Wedding" where for the price of $2,500 a bride can arrive in a glass coach pulled by four dappled gray ponies.4 All these figures and statistics really provoke a disturbing query in our minds which is whether the modern commercial marriage is now deinstitutionalized to the extent of a mere commercial saga The United States has seen deterioration in the institution of marriage during the past many decades (Cherlin 2004:848-861). There has been a transition of the essence of marriage from So is it possible to say that while the practical importance of marriage has hit an all time low, it has gained a symbolic significance Is it merely a mark of prestige and personal achievement Consider only some of the expenses the modern bride and groom go through for the ceremony of marriage. According to a commercial website 5,the Groom pays for the Bride's rings, Boutonnire for the groom and ushers ,groom's present to bridegroom's presents to ushers and best man, ties and gloves for the ushers ,clergy member's cost ,corsages for the immediate members of both families; also the bride's going away corsage ,bachelor dinner (optional, and usually given by best man or ushers) ,rehearsal dinner (optional, but is usual) ,accommodations for out-of-town ushers and the honeymoon. This list is not exhaustive though and the bride has to pay for a similar list of expenditure. What happens then, after such a grand wedding Every year the government issues alarming figures of divorce rate statistics, many homes are broken and the children are displaced. Academic opinion and research has spoken of the weakening of the social norms that regulate people's behaviour in this regard. This is another symbol of the deteriorating society where there is a sort of a "taken-for-granted" norm that allows people to go on with their lives with nobody questioning their behaviour (Cherlin2004:848-849, Whitehead 2001:6-16). The wedding as a status symbol Recent weddings have become little less than individual achievements. "In the distant past, a wedding was an event at which two kinship groups formed an alliance. More recently, it has been an event organized and paid for by parents, at which they display their approval and support for their child's marriage" (Cherlin 2004:848-849) So despite its destabilisation as an "institution", the American Wedding has become "an

Martial relationship having problems before and after getting married Essay

Martial relationship having problems before and after getting married in the United Arab Emirates, what are these problems and h - Essay Example Their traditional cultural and religious practices often clash with their contemporary thinking, as it still influences their personalities. This creates confusion and chaos in their marital relationships. Finding solutions to end marital problems in UAE requires counselling, educating and creating awareness about the responsibilities of marriage among the youth of Emirates. In the traditional patriarchal society of UAE, women are expected to be obedient, domesticated, and willing to attend to the needs of everyone in the family. In a marital relationship, she is particularly responsible to take care of: physical, sexual, emotional and domestic needs of her husband; children; and in-laws. Carrying out domestic or household chores is the sole responsibility of the womenfolk. Men are the traditional bread earners of the family, and therefore their decisions cannot be challenged by their wives. While this traditional patriarchal system has survived through ages, the 21st century woman i s breaking this concept. â€Å"Emirati women in 2010 were ranked number one in terms of gender equality among the whole Arab world and our ranking internationally was 103. This is a big leap,† said Shamsa Saleh, Chief Executive Officer of the DWE. (Chowdhury, 2011 April 02, Khaleej Times Online ) The society of UAE is mostly governed by Islamic laws, also called sharia and family laws pertaining to marriage and divorce are handled accordingly. Muslim men are allowed to have four wives at the same time and they can even marry non-Muslim women. However, they have to bear the financial expenditures of all their wives and children. They are the ‘providers’ of their wives and children and in return their wives are supposed to be absolutely chaste, obedient, and available to satisfy their sexual and domestic needs. United Arab Emirates is one of the advanced countries in the entire gulf region. Exposure to foreign lifestyle due to tourism, foreign media, multinational organizations with its multinational work force and education has gradually changed the social system of Emirates. The youth has responded well to the social changes and they find it implausible to fit the traditional practices in their modern and contemporary lifestyles. The most adverse affect of the clash of civilizations has been on marital relationships. An increase in the divorce rate has been recorded in UAE during the past few decades. â€Å"According to latest available statistics, the UAE leads GCC states in divorce rates, which hit 36 per cent, reported 'Emarat Al Youm'†. (Emirates 24/7, March 04, 2011) Many reasons have been cited for this, among which infidelity, patriarchal system, dowry, inability to understand each other’s personal, emotional, physical and financial needs are prominent. A divorce not only shatters a family but creates social instability as well. 2. Premarital problems: Marriages in the traditional UAE society are arranged by elders or p arents of the bride and groom. Family or cousin marriages are usually preferred as social status is considered as an important aspect of marriage. Financial aspects might become a cause of pre-marital problems as the girl’s family has to arrange for dowry and the overall wedding expenses can go really high. This puts undue strain on the budgets of both the families and might create discord between the married couple. According to Maitha Al Shamsi, Minister of State and Head of the State Marriage Fund,

Finite and Non-Finite Verb

Finite and Non-Finite Verb Finite and Non-Finite Verb   Learning Objectives I will learn : how to distinguish between Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Infinitives, Participles and Gerunds Introduction Read the sentences given below: I am writing. You are writing. They were writing The verbs are different in the three sentences. This is because the verb is controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject. Therefore they are finite verbs. A finite verb is controlled by the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is singular. If the subject is plural the verb is plural Example : The boy runs fast. (subject is singular) The boys run fast. (subject is plural) A finite verb is controlled by the person. Example : I go to the gymnasium on Sunday. (I First Person) He goes to the gymnasium on Sunday. (He Third Person) A finite verb is controlled by the tense. It can be in the past, present or future tense. Example : She lives in Kolkata (Present Tense) She lived in Kolkata (Past Tense) Try Your Hand 1( H3) Pick out the finite verbs in the following sentences: She kept the plates in the sink. Looking at both sides, he crossed the street. The curtain is flying in the wind. Many of us will sign the petition. They are eager to join our club. It was raining heavily when I left. Rolling stones gather no moss. I have requested him to come. I enjoy reading books. Alighting from the aircraft she switched her mobile phone on. Now read the sentences given below: I enjoy listening to music. You enjoy listening to music. They enjoy listening to music. The verb 'listening' is not controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject. Therefore it is a non-finite verb. Take a look at a few more sentences: I like to swim every evening. He likes to swim every evening They liked to swim every evening. The verb 'swim' remains unchanged whatever be the person, number and tense of the subject. On reading these sentences we see that some non-finite verbs end with -ing and some have to before them. Try Your Hand 2 (H3) Read the sentences given below and state whether the highlighted verbs are finite or non-finite: He was drawing a picture in his notebook. He wanted to draw a cartoon. Keeping her bag on the floor, she ran out. They wanted to meet the head teacher. I polish the silver ear-rings regularly. The weeping woman appealed for help. She had spoken the truth, but we had found it hard to believe her. Non -finite verbs are of three kinds : 1 Infinitives 2.Participles 3. Gerunds In this lesson we shall take up the Infinitive. Read the given sentences: I like to sing She tried to help the old man. 'To sing' and 'to find' are infinitives. The infinitive is the base form of the verb and it often has 'to' before it. Try Your Hand 3 (H3) Pick out the infinitives in the given sentences: To find fault is easy. I did not want to scare him. The best course of action would be to take leave. She phoned to speak to my father. In order to get a job he left college. He had no choice but to travel to Chennai. The young man rose to address the gathering. After certain verbs, such as bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear, the infinitive is used without 'to' Example : Let us go for a picnic. She saw her brother win the race. He makes me read the lesson aloud. Try Your Hand 4 (H3) Pick out the infinitives in the given sentences: They need not cook today. He bid me sing a song. Let them draw whatever they want. The children saw her buy food. She is making him revise the lesson. They heard her speak to the policeman on duty. I dared not look into the room. Infinitives can be used to join sentences. Look at the examples given below. Ravi spoke the truth. He was not afraid to do so. These two sentences can be combined to form one sentence: Ravi was not afraid to speak the truth. We see that one of the main verbs 'spoke' is changed into the infinitive 'to speak' and used to combine the sentences. Take a look at another example. He remained inside the burning house. He wanted to rescue all the children. This pair of sentences will change to : He remained inside the burning house to rescue all the children. We see that an infinitive 'to rescue' which was already present in one of the sentences has been used to combine the sentences. Try Your Hand 5 (H3) Combine each pair of sentences by using an infinitive. We started running. We wanted to reach the station on time. Every school has a Principal. He decides how the school will function. The old man gave his servant one thousand rupees. He wanted to reward him for his faithful service. He is determined to attain a high post. He works day and night for that purpose. She collects old cook books from various parts of India. This is her hobby. They must write a letter of apology. That is the only way to avoid punishment. She goes to the hospital every day. She is always willing to look after needy patients. Quick Recap Finite verbs are controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject. Non-finite verbs are not controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject There are three kinds of non-finite verbs : Infinitives, Participles and Gerunds. Participles and Gerunds may be similar in form as both end with ing. Infinitives are usually preceded by 'to'. However there are infinitives that are not preceded by 'to'. Infinitives can be used to combine sentences Brush Up Your Grammar (H2) Revision 1(H3) In the following sentences pick out the finite verbs and the non-finite words. The first sentence has been done for you : Hearing the knock on the door, she ran to open it. Non- finite : Hearing Finite: ran I want you to keep the keys in the drawer. She saw the fishermen casting their nets. Rina stopped at the shop to buy something. They enjoy performing in front of a live audience. She read the instructions on how to bake a cake. I heard the man give instructions to the taxi driver. Her sparkling eyes revealed her excitement. He kept himself busy by teaching children. Please permit me to order the rest of the books Revision 2 (H3) Fill in the blanks with appropriate non-finite verbs: I decided _____ out of the hotel and take a walk. Suddenly a number of monkeys surrounded me and began ____ my purse away. ____ here and there for help, I spotted a banana seller who was setting up his stall. I waved to him and bade him _____ towards me. _____ about two dozen bananas he hurried forwards. I saw him ____ the bananas on the ground. Then he began ____ their attention by making clicking sounds. _________ my bag the monkeys rushed towards him. I made my escape but came back later______ him and ______ for the bananas. Revision 3 (H3) Work in pairs. One of you will ask the question the other will give the answer with the help of the clues in brackets. The first one has been done for you : Why did you go out? (buy some fruits) I went out to buy some fruits Why are you standing here? (greet the Chief Guest) Why will Rajni go to Chennai? (visit her aunt) Why did you sell your car? (buy a car) Why did you travel by plane? (save time) Why did you go to the bazaar? (buy grocery) Why did you spend an extra hour in school? (practise football) Why are you going to College Street? (buy second hand books) Revision 4(H3) Complete the sentences using the correct non-finite form of the verb given in brackets: I am sorry for ________ (speak) rudely to you. It gives me great pleasure ________ (inform) you that you have been selected. I want to start now _______ (complete) the project on time. I shall continue ______ (run) early in the morning. It was rude of him ______ (scream) at his mother. I must stop ______ (give) advice to every one. I almost came under the wheels of the _____ (speed) bus Try This 1 Make a list of 4 things that you enjoy doing Looking at the starry sky __________________ _________________- _________________ _________________ Now, make a list of things you must remember to do in the coming week To cover my text books __________ __________ __________ __________ Try This 2 Use non-finites to write a dialogue between two friends about a three day camping trip that both will be going for. You could begin like this : Seema : I am going for the school camping trip. Wendy : So will I. In fact I saw you write your name on the list. Seema : I have decided to take my transistor. Carrying it will be no problem.

Dead Man Walking Book Review :: essays research papers

Dead Man Walking Dead Man Walking, a story by Sister Helen Prejean, is a superb book, presenting most of the aspects regarding capital punishment. According to my opinion the unique thing about this book, is its ability to make people reflect upon and even question their earlier thoughts concerning the death penalty. Many different points of view are presents, but the book doesn’t pick sides. Dead Man Walking manages to remain objective even when we approach the painful end. The book is based on Sister Helen Prejean’s experiences with inmates on death row. Sister Helen receives a letter from prisoner Matthew Poncelet. Due to a horrible murder to which he claims only to have been an observer, he is now on death row, waiting for his execution. He requests her to come visiting him. In the next few days we follow Sister Helens conversations with Matthew, his family and the families of the two teenagers brutally raped and killed. In spite of the fact that Helen meets a lot of anger and sorrow for her being so involved with Matthew she keeps on fighting for his life. But the appeal gets rejected and the execution gets closer There is one statement in the book that I think summarizes the theme. A lawyer observes: â€Å"it is easy to kill a monster, but hard killing a human being.† I think that one of the reasons Sister Helen Prejean wrote this book is to bring more knowledge about the complex death penalty to the public. While the rest of the Western world has abolished this, in my opinion, old-fashioned punishment has become an asset to US politicians in order to gain trust from the American voters. Sister Helen Prejean and the condemned Poncelet are defiantly the main characters of this book. Even though few people can identify themselves with Poncelet, his grief and despair occurs before and during the injection and reminds us that less than few are totally in lack of emotions. Sister Helen is a Nun who spends much of her time doing charity in her poor neighborhood. She is having a hard time not letting her to Poncelet’s actions dominate her spiritual relationship, but manages to remember the Christian message: â€Å"Every man is worth more than his worst actions.

Acculturation, Biculturism and Marginalization Essay

Ross-Sheriff (2011) commented that international migration patterns have * changed as a consequence of broad social, political, economic, and environmental * trends and explained the causes of the driving forces were including war, * globalization, urbanization, and changing cultural norms regarding social roles and * responsibilities (Ross-Sheriff, 2011). With these complex trends of migration * patterns, Van Hear (2010) viewed migration as a process which was an integral part * of broader social transformations, but which also had its own internal dynamics with * other factors related to the migrating process, shaping social transformation in their * own way. Migration was also linked in complex ways to class, gender, generation, * ethnicity and other social factors, which were embodied in positions in home and host * communities, and in work and domestic relationships, all of which might be * transformed in the course of the migratory process (Van Hear, 2010). To understand this complex process of migration, especially under changing circumstances of one culture to another, it might be useful to build conceptual tools for understanding these transitory processes in migration studies and in social science more widely (Van hear, 2010). They also include mediating agents and transitions that need also to be accounted for, as well as intersections among class, gender, generation, ethnicity and other social ruptures as well as the main driving forces of migration (Van Hear, 2010). Of course there were other important concepts such as relations between time and space, between dynamics or processes and outcomes, and between structure and agency that needed to get attention (Van Hear, 2010). However, it is impossible to discuss all different theoretical concepts involved in different types of migration process in the current limited study. Rather, this study tried to focus on psychological impacts such as ethnic identity and self-esteem on migration through acculturation processes particularly on family- related migration because different patterns of migration produced different communities and resulted in producing different migrant identities including varying levels of psychological distress (Jones, 2008). Further, few empirical studies have focused on migrant adults populations. Most migrants identification related literatures tended to relate more for adolescents or young children because identity formation might be particularly challenging in this cohort, especially when the values and beliefs of their natal culture differed significantly from those of the host society (Sodowsky, Kwan, & Pannu, 1995; as cited in Farver, Narang, & Bhadha, 2002). Therefore, this study focused on ethnic identity and self-identification issues of adult migrants’ themselves within a family structure according to different theoretical models relevant to adaptation of new cultures, because family was the basic instrument in the society (Nesdale, Rooney, & Smith, 1997). In fact, most cultural acquisition theories developed and evolved in 1990s when international migration became a key issue in international politics at the beginning of 1990s. As Castle (2002) argued that migration, development and international relations were closely connected as migration was a major factor of transformation for both sending and receiving countries for different types of migrants (Castle, 2002). With this perspective, this study generally focused on those migration culture acquisition theories developed in 1990 rather then looking at current perspectives in the most recent literatures, which actually have evolved from these original theories in 1990s (Castle, 2002). As the findings from these research studies has had been mixed or sometimes contradictory, it was important to understand the exact nature of the relationship between migrant ethnic identification and the acculturation process both need to be specified and assessed properly with coherent measurements and theoretical assumptions (Nesdale et al. , 1997). Important theoretical concepts: ethnic identity, acculturation, biculturism, and marginalisation. According to Phinney (1990; as cited in Farver, Narang & Bhadha., 2002), ethnic identity and acculturation were related but separate constructs. Ethnic identity involves an individual’s self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to an ethnic group, attitudes toward ethnic group of membership, and degree of ethnic group involvement (Farver et al. , 2002). The term acculturation was defined in anthropology as those phenomena, which resulted when groups of individuals having different cultures came into continuous first-hand contact with subsequent changes in the original pattern of either or both groups (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936; as cited in Birman, 1994). Although acculturation was a neutral term in this context (that is, change might take place in either or both groups), in practice, acculturation tended to induce more changes in one of the groups than in the other (Berry, 1990a; as cited in Berry, 1997) Berry (1997) argued that in all plural societies, cultural groups and their individual members, in both dominant and non-dominant situations, must deal with the issue of how to acculturate. According to Berry (1997), four acculturation strategies were introduced: assimilation, separation, marginalization, and integration. When individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and seek daily interaction with other new cultures, the assimilation strategy is defined. In contrast, when individuals place a value on holding on to their original culture, and at the same time wish to avoid interaction with others, then the separation is defined (Berry, 1997). When there is an interest in both maintaining one’s original culture, while in daily interactions with other groups, integration is the option; here, there is some degree of cultural integrity maintained, while at the same time seeking to participate as an integral part of the larger social network (Berry, 1997). Last, when there is little possibility or interest in cultural maintenance (often for reasons of enforced cultural loss), and little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimination) then marginalization is defined (Berry, 1997). However, this acculturation categories model has been criticized methodologically (Rudmin, 2003, 2009; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because all four of Berry’s categories were represented in the same way by creating the two by two matrix of acculturation categories between high and low. However, the cut off point between high and low was arbitrary and would differ across samples, making comparisons across studies difficult, resulting in the fact that all four categories existed and were equally valid (Rudmin, 2003; as cited in Schwartz et al., 2010) and suggesting that not all of Berry’s categories might exist in a given sample or population, and that some categories might have multiple subtypes (Schwartz et al. , 2010). In particular, Berry (1997) viewed the term â€Å"biculturism† as referring to acculturation that involved the individual simultaneously in the two cultures that were in contact in integrative ways, which appeared to be a consistent predictor of more positive outcomes than the three alternatives of assimilation, separation, or marginalization. Berry and his colleagues (Sam & Berry, 1995) assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the results showed that bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress, anxiety and fewer psychological problems significantly, while marginalized individuals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which adversely affected their self-esteem (Farver et al. , 2002). However, Shiraev and Levy (2007) explained acculturative stress as a negative feeling that a marginalized person might experience as a distressing psychological reaction to any unfamiliar cultural environment based on the assumption that person and groups undergoing any social and cultural change should experience a certain amount of psychological distress. Generally, many early definitions of acculturation focused on exposure to two cultures simultaneously as a culture shock, which was a reactive state of specific pathology or deficit, rather than taking advantage of being bicultural (Berry & Annis, 1974; Shiraev et al., 2007). The validity of marginalization as an approach to acculturation by Berry (1997) was also questioned (Del Pilar & Udasco, 2004; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). Schawartz et al. argued that the likelihood that a person would develop a cultural sense of self without drawing on either the heritage or receiving cultural contexts would be less likely to. The marginalization approach might be true only for the small segment of migrants who rejected both their heritage and receiving cultures (Berry, 2006b). Indeed, studies using empirically based clustering methods have found small or nonexistent marginalization groups and scales that attempted to measure marginalization typically had poor reliability and validity compared with scales for the other categories (Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995; Unger et al. , 2002; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). As described earlier, the impact of migrant ethnic identity on psychological distress had comparatively diverse points of views if they were either negative or positive reactions, depending on different theoretical frames. For example, Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 2001) and Self-Categorization Theory (Turner, 1987) emphasized more on the importance to individuals of their identification with particular social groups. Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 2001; as cited in Yip, Gee, & Takeuchi, 2008) viewed a possible explanation for why ethnic identity might buffer the effects of discrimination. According to this theory,individuals chose from an array of possible social identity groups and, once those groups were chosen, individuals focused on the positive aspects of their in-group, which helped to boost their own esteem, suggesting that ethnic identity was more important to their overall identity (Yip et al. , 2009). In contrast, if ethnicity was a central component of one’s identity, it might actually exacerbate the effects of discrimination, resulting in a greater negative impact on mental health, according to self-categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987; as cited in Yip et al., 2008), suggesting that people should be more in tune with environmental cues that were relevant to an important aspect of their identity. That is, experiences of racial discrimination might be such a cue relevant to their ethnic identity. Indeed, research suggested that African American adults and adolescents who reported strong racial centrality were also more likely to report experiences of racial discrimination (Neblett, Shelton, & Sellers, 2004; Sellers, Caldwell, Schmeelk-Cone, & Zimmerman, 2003; Sellers & Shelton, 2003; as cited in Yip et al., 2008). However, despite this emphasis by social theorists, they tended to forget the larger literature that involved with both ethnicity and the acculturation process (Liebkind, 1993; 1996; as cited in Nesdale, Rooney & Smith, 1997). First of all, these different findings resulted from lack of inclusion of acculturation itself as a variable methodologically when acculturation was considered as a phenomenon in research designs (Sam and Berry, 2006). Without including acculturation as a variable, the explanations for human behavior similarities and differences across populations would remain incomplete (Sam et al. , 2006). Second, a further criticism of the acculturation literatures was that the same two acculturation processes, and the same four-acculturation categories, characterized all migrants equally—regardless of the type of migrant, the countries of origin and settlement, and the ethnic group in question, according to Berry’s (1980) model and other similar approaches (Sam et al., 2006). Finally, the vast majority of studies in the acculturation literature have focused on behavioral acculturation (Schwartz et al. , 2010). That is, most widely used acculturation measures included primarily (or only) items assessing language use and other cultural practices (e. g. , Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995; Stephenson, 2000; Szapocznik, Kurtines, & Fernandez, 1980; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) due to accepting the fact that cultural practices might provide only a fair proxy for cultural adaptation (Schwartz et al., 2010). Theoretical frameworks for acculturation research Shiraev & Levy (2007) claimed that cross-cultural psychologists usually used three approaches to examine human activities in various cultural settings. They were the sociobiological approach, the sociological approach and eco-cultural approach (Shiraev et al. , 2007). In particular, the eco-cultural approach emphasized both the environment and the individual were seen as open and interchanging systems (Shiraev et al., 2007), introducing John Berry whom originally developed this theory further in contemporary cross-cultural psychology. Shiraev et al. (2007) also pointed out that specialists should to be able to explain how, why, and to what extent people differed from one another, when ecological, biological, cultural, and acculturation factors were identified and taken into consideration (Berry, J. W. , Poortinga, Y. H. , Segall, M. H. , & Dasen. P. R. ,1992; as cited in Shiraev et al. , 2007). In related to the concerns pointed by Shiraev et al. (2007), Berry (1997) argued earlier there were important links between cultural context and individual behavioural development, demonstrating what happened to individuals who developed in one cultural context when attempting to re-establish their lives in another one through his acculturation research framework, by confirming the fact that acculturation was one of the most complex areas of research in cross-cultural psychology because the process involved more than one culture and in two distinct senses (Berry, 1997). According to Berry (1997), the concept of acculturation was employed to refer to the cultural changes resulting from different ethnic groups encountered, while the concepts of psychological acculturation and adaptation were employed to refer to the psychological changes and eventual outcomes that occur as a result of individuals experiencing acculturation. In another words, acculturation phenomena resulted from contact between two or more cultures and research on acculturation had to be comparative in order to understand variations in psychological outcomes that were the result of cultural variations in the two groups in contact (Berry, 1997). In particular, this framework viewed the integration model of acculturation strategies the most desirable among other strategies, considering it the same as the biculturalism model (Berry, 1997). For example, Berry and his colleagues (Berry, 1980; Berry, J. W. , Kim, U. , Power, S. , Young, M, & Bujaki, M. , 1989; Berry, Kim, Minde, & Mok, 1987; Sam & Berry, 1995 as cited in Farver et al., 2002) assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the result showed that integration was the most psychologically adaptive attitude, arguing that integrated or bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress and anxiety and manifested fewer psychological problems than those who were marginalized, separated, or assimilated, whereas marginalized individuals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which also affected their self-esteem (Farver et al. , 2002). However, Phinney, Cantu, and Kurtz (1997) found that American identity was associated with self-esteem only for non-Hispanic Whites, but not for other ethnic groups. These mixed results as explained above raised two issues in the acculturation literatures. First of all, cultural practices might offer only a substitute for cultural adpatations, as Portes and Rumbaut (2001 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) mentioned that many Asian American young adults in their sample were not proficient in their native languages, even though they still perceived their identification with their parents’ countries of origin and maintained many of their values (Schwarz et al. , 2010). Secondly, most researchers on biculturism did not sufficiently define an accurate operational definition of biculturism so that interpretation of those research results were problematic (Birman, 1994). Indeed, one finding in the United States, was that self-identification as American was markedly higher in non-Hispanic Whites than in ethnic minority groups (e. g. , Devos & Banaji, 2005; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) and many White Americans did not perceived themselves as members of an ethnic group (Schildkraut, 2007; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). In brief, different operational definition problems of acculturation arose from different theoretical models of acculturation regarding to their assumptions (LaFromboise, Coleman, & Gerton, 1993). LaFromboise et al. (1993) assumed acculturation as one of substitutes among the biculturism models. Biculturism as defined in this theory was viewed as the alternation model, which implied an individual in two culture contacts could be competent in both cultures without losing one of the cultures’ competencies in distinct cultural contexts as alternation model, whereas, fusion model meant a blended cultural identity, consisting of a synthesis of aspects of both cultures (LaFromboise et al., 1993). However, Berry’s (1997) integrating approach of biculturism differed from the bicultural model (LaFromboise et al. , 1993; as cited in Birman, 1994) and it emphasized more on the relationship between the two cultural groups based on its implicit assumption that one of two cultures were higher than the other within a single social structure (LaFromboise et al. , 1993). Benet-Martinez and colleagues found that â€Å"blended† bicultural individuals tended to report higher self-esteem and lower psychological distress than a marginal population (Chen et al. , 2008 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because the consistent availability of both cultural flows within the person’s everyday life increased the ease of activating the correct cultural schema in accordance with their environmental situations (Schwartz et al. , 2010). In contrast, Tadmor, Tetlock, and Peng (2009) argued that the bicultural model considered those marginal individuals in positive ways, when there was little interest in cultural maintenance and little interest in having relations with others, suggesting positive aspects of being a marginal person might be (1) sharing his or her condition with others of the same original culture; (2) engaging in institutional practices that were shared by other marginal people; (3) experiencing no major frustration from social expectations; and (4) still perceiving himself or herself to be a member of a group (LaFromboise et al., 1993). According to Sam and Berry (2006), many studies of how migrants coped with intercultural contacts had discrepancies in the ways in which they were operationalized and measured. As no standardized or widely accepted acculturation measures existed, it was necessary to design a clear and explicit formulation of acculturation instrument in order to assess acculturation adequately (Sam et al. , 2006). Further Sam and Berry (2006) pointed out that most empirical studies widely used a self-report type of questionnaires that had been recognized limitations such as social desirability, emphasizing obtaining divergent validation by source of information other than the respondents’ reports. Therefore, it is vital to understand each theory within its specific assumptions and not to generalize across all situations regardless of their similar findings (LaFromboise et al. , 1993). As this study discovered migrants’ acculturation processes so far within specific theoretical frameworks, literature findings in different research were mixed as to whether individuals could be highly acculturated and at the same time be strongly identified with their ethnic group (Farver, Narang, & Bhadha. , 2002). These confusing problems initially evolved because of the context in which migration arrangements and their acculturation processes were fundamentally transformed and increasingly uncertain due to globalization (Landolt & Da, 2005). Shiraev & Levy (2007) suggested a new approach to cross-cultural psychology in the twenty-first century, which was linked to the concept of globalization. Globalization was defined as a proliferation of cross-border flow and transnational networks due to new technologies of communication and transport that allowed frequent and multi-directional streams of people, ideas and cultural symbols (Castle, 2010). Castle also argued that globalization leads to major changes in the character of international migration. In other words, the context for migrant incorporation has already changed radically and will continue to do so. The rise of multiculturalism itself rather than assimilation or biculturism is one sign of this, but is not the end of the story: new forms of identity and belonging go beyond multiculturalism (Castle, 2010). Even though there is limited empirical evidence for clear statements for globalization, there probably are highly cosmopolitan groups who feel at home everywhere such as global business and professional elites might correspond with this image. But most members of transnational communities fall between these extremes, and probably have contradictory and fluctuating identities (Castle, 2002). Conclusions This study explored that a special case of cultural psychology was the study of how individuals respond to situations where they were in transition between their original culture and another that differed from it in some respects in terms of acculturation, especially within a specific theoretical frame that could apply to the specific situation (Adler & Gielen, 1994). There was no single theory widely accepted by all social scientists to agree with the emergence and perpetuation of international migration patterns in the world under globalization (Van Hear, 2010),suggesting that the contemporary migrating context in which such migrating arrangements were realized fundamentally kept transforming so that it became increasingly uncertain (Landolt and Da, 2005) Although the topic of cultural contact and individual’ change has attracted considerable attention in contemporary cross-cultural psychology, the field has been characterized by a lack of theoretical coherence, definitional problems with key constructs, and single sample studies that limit the external validity of empirical cross-cultural research (Ward and Kenney, 1994). As acculturation is a process which takes place over time, and which results in changes both in the culture and in the individual culture changes, it would be ideal o compare two sets of data are compared over time using the same people. However, in practice, it is impossible in most acculturation research settings (Sam et al. , 2006). Instead, a common alternative to longitudinal research is cross-sectional research in which a time-related variable, such as length of residence or generational status can be used for the generalizability of acculturation theories (Sam et al., 2006). In general, researchers of migrating studies need to be aware that it is the selective nature of the sample that happens across all migrating research. That is, individuals who chose to migrate would be different from those who do not (Sodowsky, G. , Kwan, K. , & Pannu, R. , 1995; as cited in Farver et al. , 1997). Finally, acculturation research generally focused on immigrants assumed to be permanently settled in their new host countries. As a result, the terms â€Å"migrants† or â€Å"international migrants† referred to the same type of migrants collectively. Moreover, many countries were both sending and receiving countries for different types of migrants, or in the process of transition from one type to the other (Castel, 2002). Therefore, where applicable, it is viable to design acculturation research studies classifying different types of migrants. References Adler, L. L. , & Gielen, U. P. (Eds. ). (1994). Cross-cultural topics in psychology. Westport: Praeger Publishers. Berry, J. W. (1980). Social and cultural change. In Triandis, H. C. , & Brislin, R. (Eds. ). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (pp. 211-279). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Berry, J. W. , Kim, U. , Power, S. , Young, M, & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. 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Castele, S. (2002). Migration and community formation under conditions of globalization. The Center for Migration Studies of New York, 36(4), 1143- 1168. Cuellar, I. , Arnold, B. , & Maldonado, R. (1995). Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II: a revision of the original ARSMA scale. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science, 17, 275-304. doi: 10. 1177/07399863950173001 DelPilar, J. A. , & Udasco, J. O. (2004). Deculturation: Its lack of validity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10, 169-176. doi: 10. 1037/1099- 9809. 10. 2. 169 Devos, T. , & Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 447-466. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 3. 447 Farver, J. A. , Narang, S. K. , & Bhadha, B. R. (2002). East meets west: Ethnic identity, acculturation, and conflict in Asian Indian families. Journal of Family Psychology, 16(3), 338-350. doi: 10. 1037//0893-3200. 16. 3. 338 Jones, A. (2008). 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Masters Program System Control And Mechatronics

I am writing to expressing my interest in masters program System Control and Mechatronics at your University. I appreciate this opportunity and would like to express my strong motivation for this master course The modern complex technological world needs new perspective to current field of subject, the way we view the subject inherently changes the way see the problems . The roots of such concepts lie in a number of ideas that resonate through modern discourse- the ideas of a unified science, synthesis and the integration of knowledge. We need an expansive multi perspective knowledge base , to solve modern, complex entangled correlated world problems. Modern invention consists in avoiding the constructing of useless contraptions and in constructing the useful combinations which are in infinite minority. The solutions for creating and analysing are held in Systemic thinking paradigm of the world rather than scientific reductionism. System science and engineering, a multidisciplinary subject provides pivotal solution to many ensuing complex problem that are constituted in many diverse field of study . I aspire to become a Systems engineer and wish to be a part of this new age of systemic perspective, paradigm shifting problem-solving ethos. The bachelors mechatronics curriculum helped us to designed complex mechanical model using various software tools and analysed using various CFD,FEM software module. In the mechatronics forum, we build various robot andShow MoreRelatedThe Engineering Of Mechanical Engineering919 Words   |  4 Pagesphysics for the design, manufacturing, analysis and maintenance of mechanical systems. This area requires a good understanding of the core engineering concepts such as mechanics, thermodynamics, kinematics, structural analysis, material science, and electricity. 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